| 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1914 | |
| Russia | 791,000 | 677,000 | 1,162,000 | 1,285,000 | 1,352,000 |
| France | 543,000 | 542,000 | 715,000 | 769,000 | 910,000 |
| Germany | 426,000 | 504,000 | 524,000 | 694,000 | 891,000 |
| Britain | 367,000 | 420,000 | 624,000 | 571,000 | 532,000 |
| Austria-Hungary | 246,000 | 346,000 | 385,000 | 425,000 | 444,000 |
| Italy | 216,000 | 284,000 | 255,000 | 322,000 | 345,000 |
| Japan | 71,000 | 84,000 | 234,000 | 271,000 | 306,000 |
| United States | 34,000 | 39,000 | 96,000 | 127,000 | 164,000 |
Source: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.