Volume (l.) | |
1962 | 64,990 |
1963 | 280,695 |
1964 | 1,065,880 |
1965 | 2,515,730 |
1966 | 9,597,960 |
1967 | 19,391,890 |
1968 | 19,261,900 |
1969 | 17,255,120 |
1970 | 2,872,120 |
1971 | 38,000 |
Unknown Year | 1,064,345 |
Total | 73,409,200 |
Use | Years | Volume (l.) | |
Agent Pink | Defoliation | 1961, 1965 | 50,312 |
Agent Green | Crop destruction | 1962-64 | 31,026 |
Agent Purple | General defoliation | 1962-65 | 1,892,773 |
Agent Orange | General defoliation | 1965-70 | 45,677,937 |
Agent Orange II | General defoliation | 1968-69 | 3,591,000 |
Agent White | Forest defoliation, long-term control | 1966-71 | 20,556,525 |
Agent Blue (Powder) | Rapid defoliation, grassy plant control, rice destruction | 1962-64 | 25,650 |
Agent Blue (H2O solution) | Rapid defoliation, grassy plant control, rice destruction | 1964-71 | 4,715,731 |
Times Sprayed (1961-71) | Km2 affected |
1 | 3,585.56 |
2 | 3,698.44 |
3 | 3,618.62 |
4 | 3,410.37 |
5 | 2,727.09 |
6 | 2,167.24 |
7 | 1,533.91 |
8 | 1,386.10 |
9 | 1,151.03 |
10+ | 2,934.61 |
Total | 26,212.97 |
Area Sprayed Annually ('000 ha.) | % of Total Forest | |||
D.O.D. | F.N.L. | D.O.D. | F.N.L. | |
1961 | <10 | <10 | - | - |
1962 | <10 | 10 | - | - |
1963 | 10 | 320 | - | 3 |
1964 | 30 | 500 | - | 5 |
1965 | 60 | 700 | 1 | 7 |
1966 | 300 | 880 | 3 | 9 |
1967 | 600 | 900 | 6 | 9 |
1968 | 620 | 990 | 6 | 10 |
1969 | 570 | 1,090 | 6 | 11 |
1970 | ? | >420 | ? | >4 |
Total (1961-69) | 2,200 | 5,200 | 22 | 52 |
Estimated Total Area Sprayed | 1,800 | 2,500 | 18 | 25 |
Note:
(1) All agents except Agent White and Blue contained dioxene, a toxic compound.
(2) D.O.D. is U.S. Department of Defense estimates; F.N.L. is the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) estimates.
Source: Françoise Pirot et al., "Guerre et défoliation dans le Sud Viêt-Nam, 1961-1971" [Link]; Arthur H. Westing, "Ecological Effects of Military Defoliation on the Forests of South Vietnam".